A day for the history books, engineers at SpaceX declared that the booster had landed safely. The chances of the bottom part of the rocket, known as the Super Heavy booster, being caught so cleanly on the first attempt seemed slim. Prior to the launch, the SpaceX team said it would not be surprised if the booster was directed to land in the Gulf of Mexico instead. You might hear all the above during the execution of starship booster capture. Maybe this is the first attempt the capture passed, but there is a decade of work behind it. Let's dive into History first and get some perspective from the scientist who is working on mitigating climate change, According to Andrew Wilson, assistant professor in environmental management at Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland. Historically, the space sector has been granted a lot of exemptions from different legislations, and, as a result, they have gotten away with doing what they want. Right now, the overall amount of greenhouse gas emissions from spaceflight is negligible, equivalent to 1% or 2% of the carbon footprint of aviation, which by itself makes up about 2.5% of overall global greenhouse gas emissions. However, the number of rocket launches has been rising steeply in recent years. Right now, the overall amount of greenhouse gas emissions from spaceflight is negligible, equivalent to 1% or 2% of the carbon footprint of aviation, which by itself makes up about 2.5% of overall global greenhouse gas emissions. However, the number of rocket launches has been rising steeply in recent years. According to astronomer and space age historian Jonathan McDowell, 2023 saw a record-breaking 223 attempted spaceflights worldwide. That's more than double the 85 attempts made in 2016. SpaceX alone launched a record 96 orbital rockets last year and aims for nearly 150 in 2024. SpaceX's bold ambitions are what worry scientists like Wilson. The above thought is the perspective of one of the scientists. Let's decode it in the opposite way, Starship is a space transportation system consisting of two parts — the Starship spacecraft and the Super Heavy booster rocket. A booster is a powerful first-stage rocket engine designed to provide the initial thrust needed to lift a spacecraft off the ground and into space. Boosters Boosters are typically used to help heavy payloads overcome Earth's gravity during the early phases of launch. Once their fuel is depleted, boosters are thrown back to Earth — making them unusable for further future missions.  But now, with SpaceX's latest breakthrough technology, it is possible to catch the booster and keep it for future use. SpaceX built a 400-foot tall tower for catching the Super Heavy booster rocket once it is detached from the spacecraft. The Mechazilla tower, with its large mechanical arms known as 'chopsticks', is located at SpaceX's Starbase in Texas. Space missions are costly as most rocket systems are expendable, that is, they can be used only once.  Mechazilla cuts the cost in terms of both money and time. Engineers have been trying to design reusable systems for decades, and finally, the SpaceX engineers have done it. Capex & Opex Traditional rockets typically have high capital expenditures (CapEx) because a new rocket must be built for each launch. In contrast, Starship has lower CapEx because of its reusability, allowing the initial development and manufacturing costs to be distributed across multiple launches. Operating expenses (OpEx) for conventional rockets are higher due to the costs involved in preparing each new rocket for launch, such as fuel, ground support, and crew. However, Starship's OpEx is expected to be lower since it can be reused. Refurbishing and readying a Starship for its next launch is anticipated to be much less expensive than building an entirely new rocket. Reusability - Reducing Waste and Emissions Traditionally rockets are discarded after a single launch, which results in a tremendous amount of waste and high source consumption to build new rockets for each mission. In contrast, Starship is designed to be reused multiple times, drastically reducing the need to manufacture new rockets for every flight. This reuse model is similar to that of commercial airlines, where the vehicle is turned around quickly and flown again. Every time a rocket can be reused, it prevents tons of steel, aluminum, and composite materials from being discarded or manufactured anew, resulting in fewer emissions from production processes and raw material extraction. Reducing the production of new rockets also lowers the carbon footprint of each space mission. Do you wonder how much carbon is being emitted at each time of manufacturing new rockets? Furthermore, the rapid reuse of rockets like Starship can reduce the number of launches required to fulfill the same mission goals. For instance, launching a constellation of satellites or resupplying a space station could be done more efficiently with fewer overall flights, lowering the total emissions per mission. Methane as a Cleaner Fuel Starship’s Raptor engines use liquid methane (CH₄) as a propellant, which is cleaner and more efficient than traditional rocket fuels like RP-1 (refined kerosene). Methane burns with fewer soot particles and produces less black carbon, which is one of the most concerning pollutants from rocket launches.   Black carbon is a form of particulate matter that can contribute to global warming, especially when released in the upper atmosphere, where it can remain for extended periods and absorb sunlight. By choosing methane over kerosene, SpaceX is working to minimize these harmful emissions. While methane combustion still produces carbon dioxide (CO₂), its lower soot production helps reduce the overall climate impact.  Additionally, methane is more efficient in terms of energy produced per unit of mass, meaning that Starship can carry heavier payloads while using less fuel per flight, which further reduces emissions per launch. SpaceX also envisions producing methane sustainably on Mars through the Sabatier process, which involves reacting CO₂ from the atmosphere with water to generate methane and oxygen. If this system can be implemented on Earth, it could theoretically reduce the reliance on fossil-fuel-derived methane, enabling a more sustainable fuel cycle for space exploration. Over to you  Despite these innovations, the environmental sustainability of rocket launches is not without challenges.  Rocket emissions , particularly  black carbon , released into the upper atmosphere have unique and complex environmental effects. Unlike emissions from planes or cars, which occur lower in the atmosphere and are more easily mitigated, rocket emissions at high altitudes can linger for longer periods, influencing the  ozone layer  and contributing to  warming  on a global scale.  Experts, like  Dr. Eloise Marais , have noted that while methane is a cleaner fuel, the exact extent of  black carbon emissions  from liquid methane rockets is not yet fully understood, and more data is needed to assess their long-term impact.  Additionally, the  Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)  has raised concerns about the potential  environmental impact  of frequent launches, particularly in sensitive regions like  Boca Chica, Texas , where SpaceX’s launch facility is located. SpaceX’s Starship program, through its focus on  reusability ,  cleaner fuels , and innovative  booster recovery  methods, represents a significant step forward in reducing the environmental impact of rocket launches.  While challenges remain—especially concerning high-altitude emissions—the program’s technological advancements offer promising pathways for both  sustainable space exploration  and contributions to  climate change mitigation .   By making space more accessible and environmentally responsible, SpaceX is paving the way for new solutions to Earth’s environmental challenges, while simultaneously aiming for  multi-planetary sustainability .

Ethanol - Everyone knows that ethyl alcohol is a subfamily of Alcohol which is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinct odor and a type of alcohol commonly found in alcoholic beverages and it is also used as a biofuel and industrial solvent.  Before diving into the details about Fuel ethanol in this newsletter, I would like to clarify there are some major differences between Drinking Ethanol and Fuel Ethanol. Even though the chemical formula and other properties are similar, they aren't. Here are the differences between the two, The common source for both drinking alcohol and fuel alcohol is raw material which is made up of sustainable sources.  Most of the fuel ethanol produced worldwide is made by fermenting the sugar in the starches of grains such as corn, sorghum, and barley, and the sugar in sugar cane and sugar beets. Denaturants are added to ethanol to make fuel ethanol undrinkable. In the United States, nearly all fuel ethanol is produced from corn kernel starch, which is considered a conventional biofuel under the U.S.  Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS). Before we delve into using ethanol as a fuel, it’s important to understand some common terms related to ethanol. E10 is a blend containing 10% anhydrous ethanol (with 0.1% water and 99% ethanol) and 90% gasoline, often referred to as gasohol. E15 indicates a mixture with 15% ethanol, E20 with 20% ethanol, and so forth. The application of ethanol varies depending on its usage.  Since ethanol is made from bio-mass sources, Ethanol as a fuel can help to reduce carbon emissions. It has a lower carbon content than gasoline, which leads to fewer carbon emissions than gasoline. Assume a scenario where ethanol is used 100 percent which means E100. In a scenario where E100 (100% ethanol) is used as fuel and all emissions are managed sustainably, the carbon emissions would be significantly reduced. Ethanol, being a biofuel, contains carbon that was absorbed from the atmosphere by the feedstock during its growth, leading to a closed carbon cycle. This means that the CO₂ released during combustion is roughly equal to the CO₂ absorbed by the plants, resulting in a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. Furthermore, with sustainable practices such as using renewable energy for ethanol production and employing low-impact agricultural techniques, the overall carbon footprint of E100 can be minimized, making it a cleaner alternative to traditional gasoline. To make this reality there are a few steps that need to be taken, First, adopt sustainable agricultural practices to grow feedstocks efficiently and with minimal environmental impact, including crop rotation, reduced tillage, and organic farming. Second, transition ethanol production facilities to renewable energy sources like solar or wind, and implement energy-efficient technologies to reduce processing emissions.  Third, invest in advanced ethanol production methods, such as cellulosic ethanol, which utilizes non-food plant materials and offers greater sustainability.  Finally, ensure that the entire supply chain, from farming to fuel distribution, prioritizes low-carbon practices and emissions reductions to maximize the environmental benefits of E100 ethanol. According to the  Energy Information Administration , Nearly all motor gasoline now sold in the United States is about 10% ethanol by volume. Motor gasoline with 10% ethanol content by volume is called E10. Any gasoline-powered vehicle in the United States can use E10. Cars, light trucks, and medium-duty vehicles starting with model year 2001 can use E15. Only flexible fuel vehicles can use gasoline with a higher ethanol content than 15%. E85, a fuel that contains 51%–83% ethanol, depending on location and season, is mainly sold in the Midwest and can only be used in a flexible-fuel vehicle. The global ethanol market size was valued at  USD 87.71 billion in 2022  and is projected to grow from USD 92.48 billion in 2023 to USD 135.07 billion by 2030, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.6% during the forecast period. In conclusion, using ethanol as a fuel presents a highly effective method for reducing carbon emissions and promoting environmental sustainability. Ethanol, derived from renewable biomass sources, has a lower carbon footprint than traditional gasoline, leading to fewer greenhouse gas emissions. By adopting sustainable agricultural practices, utilizing renewable energy in production, and advancing ethanol technologies, the overall environmental impact of ethanol can be minimized. The widespread use of ethanol blends, such as E10 and E15, demonstrates its feasibility and potential. With the global ethanol market continuing to grow, ethanol stands out as a promising, cleaner alternative to fossil fuels, contributing to a more sustainable energy future.

In today's rapidly evolving business landscape, the integration of technology and sustainability has become paramount in driving positive change towards a greener world. As companies worldwide are recognizing the importance of environmental responsibility, the convergence of tech and sustainability is revolutionizing traditional business practices, paving the way for more efficient operations and reduced environmental impact. The synergy between technology and sustainability is empowering businesses to adopt eco-friendly practices that not only benefit the environment but also improve their bottom line. By leveraging innovative technologies such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, companies can optimize their resource management, minimize waste, and streamline processes to operate more sustainably. These digital tools are instrumental in helping businesses track their energy consumption, reduce emissions, and make informed decisions to drive sustainability initiatives. One of the key advantages of embracing tech-driven sustainability is cost savings. By implementing energy-efficient solutions and renewable energy sources, businesses can significantly lower their utility bills and operational expenses. Furthermore, sustainable practices can enhance brand reputation, attract environmentally conscious consumers, and create new market opportunities for businesses looking to differentiate themselves in a competitive marketplace. Real-world examples of companies transforming their operations for a greener future abound. Take, for instance, a manufacturing company that has invested in solar panels to power its factories, significantly reducing its carbon footprint while cutting down on electricity costs. By embracing sustainable technologies, this company has not only improved its environmental performance but also gained a competitive edge in the market by showcasing its commitment to sustainability. Looking ahead, the marriage of emerging technologies and sustainable practices holds immense promise for shaping a more sustainable future. Innovations like Internet of Things (IoT) devices, renewable energy storage solutions, and circular economy models are poised to revolutionize how businesses operate, offering unprecedented opportunities to drive sustainability at scale. In conclusion, the intersection of tech and sustainability is reshaping the business landscape, offering a pathway towards a greener and more sustainable future. As businesses continue to embrace eco-friendly practices and leverage cutting-edge technologies, they can drive innovation, reduce costs, and make a positive impact on the environment. By staying ahead of the curve and adopting sustainable strategies, companies can not only future-proof their operations but also contribute to building a more resilient and sustainable economy for generations to come.

Formula E, officially known as the  ABB FIA Formula E World Championship , is a global electric car racing series. It is the world's first fully electric single-seater racing championship. Formula E was founded by the  Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)  with the aim of promoting electric mobility and sustainable technology in the world of motorsports.   The cars used in Formula E are all-electric, with each team designing and developing its own vehicle known as the "Gen2" car. These cars are capable of reaching speeds of up to 280 km/h (174 mph) and can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62 mph) in around 2.8 seconds. The Gen2 cars have a battery range that allows them to complete a full race distance without the need for a mid-race car change, unlike the earlier Gen1 cars.  One unique feature of Formula E is the inclusion of the  FanBoost , an interactive voting system that allows fans to give their favorite drivers an additional power boost during the race. The three drivers with the most votes receive a temporary power increase that they can deploy during the race, providing an extra strategic element to the competition.  Key Factors of Formula E over Formula 1  One of the greatest advantages EVs have over internal combustion vehicles is the absence of tailpipe emissions. Since  Formula E racers only have electric motors that don't emit harmful gases , their environmental impact on race day is greatly reduced. Formula 1 cars produce a lot more noise than Formula E cars as well as harmful emissions. Formula E cars are known for being kinder on the environment with no emissions at all, with  Formula 1 set to move to carbon neutral fuels from 2026, as part of the goal to be a carbon-neutral series by 2030. F1 cars are well known for their distinctive and loud engines whereas FE cars have a much quieter electric motor sound. Formula E aims to promote and advance the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and sustainable transportation solutions. By showcasing the performance and capabilities of electric cars in a high-profile racing series, Formula E helps raise awareness and public interest in EVs. Formula E actively implements sustainable practices throughout its operations. This includes measures such as recycling programs, waste reduction strategies, and offsetting carbon emissions associated with the championship's activities. Formula E’s Season 8 Sustainability Report covers the biggest season yet for the first sport in the world to be Net Zero Carbon since inception, achieved in line with the 2020 definition of Net Zero Carbon. With 16 races, 10 world cities, four continents and launch of the GEN3 - the world’s most efficient race car - Formula E remains committed to its Net Zero Carbon efforts in line with the highest standards available.

The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of the surface of Earth and contains 97% of earth's water. The overall pH of the ocean is 8.1 which is basic or alkaline in nature. According to pH scale ,the pH number less than 7 is acidic and the pH number greater than 7 is basic in nature. What is ocean acidification ??? Ocean acidification is the process by which a massive amount of carbon dioxide is absorbed by the ocean which reduces the water’s pH levels, thus making it more acidic in the process. Ocean acidification reduces the amount of carbonate which is necessary for the maintenance of seawater. The ocean acidification makes it difficult for marine animals such as planktons and corlas to form shells and skeletons, thus affecting the marine food web to a great extent. Due to climate change, the ocean is absorbing more carbon dioxide than ever and when this happens it dissolves and reacts with water creating carbonic acid. Nearly 30% of the overall carbon emission will be stored in the ocean since it cover 70% of the total body. In 2021 we had emitted 37.12 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere in that 11.14 billion ton was captured only by ocean. The Ocean is a carbon sink , which means that it absorbs more carbon than it releases 25% of human released carbon dioxide is absorbed by the ocean Aquatic organisms turns them to calcium carbonate- when the aquatic organisms die, their bodies decay and release the carbon which sinks into the deep ocean where it is stored for million of years. Some carbon stays as gas, it dissolves and sinks down. It may travel around the glove in the deep sea but it eventually rises, release the carbon di oxide. Over time this can cause our oceans incredibly acidic. According to survey if this carbon emission continuous, In the year 2100 all aquatic animals and marine plants will be corroded via the acids. There are nearly 2,30,000 species in the ocean, this was just we found . Scientists estimated that there are 2 million more species yet to discover. For sharks , whales and some other gigantic animals the skin is hard, although it will go extinct. Marine species will not adapt the scenario. This is happened several million years back , there were Mass extinction begins. Once the ocean acidified, then slowly corrosion and erosion of building will occur in land. The hurricane will be more powerful. During the flood, we may have the chance to visualize stagnant acids in front of our house. Even there are more possible for the Acid rain. If acid becomes more acidity day by day , then the ground surface gets broken and steam of acids comes from the ground. Due to inexistent of marine species, human food chain might affected. Impact on species Ocean acidification is already impacting many ocean species, especially organisms like oysters and corals that make hard shells and skeletons by combining calcium and carbonate from seawater. However, as ocean acidification increases, available carbonate ions (CO32-) bond with excess hydrogen, resulting in fewer carbonate ions available for calcifying organisms to build and maintain their shells, skeletons, and other calcium carbonate structures. If the pH gets too low, shells and skeletons can even begin to dissolve. Changes in ocean chemistry can affect the behavior of non-calcifying organisms as well. The ability of some fish, like clownfish, to detect predators is decreased in more acidic waters. Studies have shown that decreased pH levels also affect the ability of larval clown fishoffsite link to locate suitable habitat. When these organisms are at risk, the entire food web may also be at risk. While some species will be harmed by ocean acidification, algae and seagrasses may benefit from higher CO2 conditions in the ocean, as they require CO2 for photosynthesis just like plants on land.